TY - JOUR T1 - Gait characteristics of two fast-running spider species (Hololena adnexa and Hololena curta), including an aerial phase (Araneae: Agelenidae) JF - Journal of Arachnology Y1 - 2011 A1 - Spagna, Joseph C. A1 - Valdivia, Edgar A. A1 - Mohan, Vivin SP - 84 EP - 91 KW - / Running gait characteristics / ]. KW - Biophysics KW - Hololena adnexa KW - Hololena adnexa (Araneae). KW - Hololena curta (Araneae). KW - Hololena curta [Biomechanics / Kinematics / ] [Running KW - Locomotion AB - Funnel-web spinning spiders of the genus Hololena are capable of fast movements in a horizontal plane across a variety of challenging surfaces. We used two species, H. curia (McCook 1894) and H. adnexa (Chamberlin & Gertsch 1929), in experiments designed to reveal how they achieve remarkable speeds, occasionally exceeding 70 body lengths ([approximately]50 cm) per second. In high-speed recordings we found that spiders used their legs in alternating sets of four, distributed in staggered pairs along the body axis, resulting in an alternating-tetrapod gait. Increases in speed showed positive linear relationships with both frequency and stride length. There were also inverse, linear relationships in both species between speed and duty factor, meaning that increases in speed are associated with a decrease in the relative amount of time spent by the legs on the ground during each full leg cycle. By examining their duty factor vs. speed regressions, we found that spiders of both species were capable of aerial phases during high-speed running, with the transitional speed occurring at an average of 54 body lengths per second. We conclude that further experimentation with high-speed spiders and insects will likely show that a variety of species exhibits dynamically stable locomotion, including aerial phases. VL - 39 SN - 0161-8202 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14710073568 N1 - ZOOR14710073568 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Agelenidae of the genera Hololena, Novalena, Rualena and Melpomene JF - Annals of the Entomological Society of America Y1 - 1942 A1 - Chamberlin, R. V. A1 - Ivie, W. SP - pp. 203 EP - 241 KW - 205 figs KW - 206 fig KW - 210 figs KW - 225 figs., Novalena calavera, sp. nov., Riverton, California p. 230 KW - 234 figs., Rualena magnacava, sp. nov., Mountain Springs, California p. KW - 236 fig. KW - 238 KW - Agelena KW - Agelena (Araneae). KW - Agelena intermedia KW - Agelena intermedia (Araneae). KW - approximata, p. 226 fig., Novalena attenuata, p. 228, Novalena costata, KW - Aran] [Central America / / Aran]. KW - Arizona p. 205 figs KW - Arizona p. 208 fig KW - Arthropoda (Animalia). KW - Arthropoda [Nearctic region / / United States KW - Aspen Valley KW - Big Sur, California p. 234 fig., Rualena alleni, sp. nov., San Nicholas KW - Biology KW - Boulder KW - California p. 210 figs KW - California p. 213 KW - California p. 213 figs KW - California p. 214 fig KW - California p. 215 figs KW - California p. 216 fig KW - California p. 216 figs KW - California p. 218 fig KW - California p. 218 figs KW - California p. 220 fig KW - California p. 222 figs KW - California p. 233 fig., Rualena cruzana, sp. nov., Santa Cruz Id., KW - California p. 233 figs., Rualena goleta, sp. nov., Goleta, California p. KW - California p. 236 fig., Rualena cockerelli, sp. nov., San Miguel Id., KW - Castro Valley KW - Cerro Punta KW - Chiriqui KW - Clear Lake KW - Colorado p. KW - Corvallis KW - curia KW - El Volcan KW - fig KW - fig. KW - figs KW - figs., Novalena pina, sp. nov., Echo Lake, California p. 220 fig., KW - Friant KW - furcata KW - genotype, Agelena intermedia, p. KW - genotype, Rualena surana, sp. nov., KW - Hololena KW - Hololena (Araneae). KW - Hololena [Zoology / / gen. revised p. 201 KW - Hololena adnexa KW - Hololena adnexa (Araneae). KW - Hololena aduma KW - Hololena aduma (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena altura KW - Hololena altura (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena atypica KW - Hololena atypica (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena barbarana KW - Hololena barbarana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena curia KW - Hololena curia (Araneae). KW - Hololena dana KW - Hololena dana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena frianta KW - Hololena frianta (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena furcata KW - Hololena furcata (Araneae). KW - Hololena hola KW - Hololena hola (Araneae). KW - Hololena hopi (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena lassena KW - Hololena lassena (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena madera KW - Hololena madera (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena mimoides KW - Hololena mimoides (Araneae). KW - Hololena monterea KW - Hololena monterea (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena nedra KW - Hololena nedra (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena nevada KW - Hololena nevada (Araneae). KW - Hololena oola KW - Hololena oola (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena oquirrhensis (Araneae). KW - Hololena pacifica KW - Hololena pacifica (Araneae). KW - Hololena parana KW - Hololena parana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena pearcei KW - Hololena pearcei (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena rabana KW - Hololena rabana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena santana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena septata KW - Hololena septata (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena sidella KW - Hololena sidella (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena sula KW - Hololena sula (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena tentativa KW - Hololena tentativa (Araneae). KW - Hololena tulareana KW - Hololena tulareana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Hololena turba KW - Hololena turba (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - hopi KW - Id., California p. 236 fig., Rualena avila, sp. nov., San Luis Obispo, KW - Irvine KW - Laguna Beach KW - Land zones KW - lobata KW - M. panamana p. 241 KW - Madera Canyon KW - marginata, p. 228, Novalena nova, p. 228, Novalena orizaba, p. 230, KW - Melpomene KW - Melpomene (Araneae). KW - Melpomene [Zoology / / gen. redescrib. p. 237 KW - Melpomene bicavata KW - Melpomene bicavata (Araneae). KW - Melpomene chiricana KW - Melpomene chiricana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Melpomene coahuilana KW - Melpomene coahuilana (Araneae). KW - Melpomene elegans KW - Melpomene elegans (Araneae). KW - Melpomene plesia KW - Melpomene plesia (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Melpomene singula KW - Melpomene singula (Araneae). KW - Melpomene transversa KW - Melpomene transversa (Araneae). KW - Middle and Western KW - Monterey KW - Mt. Lassen Park KW - Neotropical KW - Nevada p. 222 KW - New taxa KW - Nomenclature KW - notes p. KW - nov KW - Novalena KW - Novalena (Araneae): [Gen nov, p. 224 KW - Novalena annamae KW - Novalena annamae (Araneae). KW - Novalena approximata KW - Novalena approximata (Araneae). KW - Novalena attenuata KW - Novalena attenuata (Araneae). KW - Novalena calavera (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Novalena costata KW - Novalena costata (Araneae). KW - Novalena cuspidata KW - Novalena cuspidata (Araneae). KW - Novalena idahoana KW - Novalena idahoana (Araneae). KW - Novalena lobata (Araneae). KW - Novalena lobata, p. 231, Novalena lutzi, p. 229 figs., Novalena KW - Novalena lutzi KW - Novalena lutzi (Araneae). KW - Novalena marginata KW - Novalena marginata (Araneae). KW - Novalena nova KW - Novalena nova (Araneae). KW - Novalena orizaba (Araneae). KW - Novalena pina (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Novalena tolucana KW - Novalena tolucana (Araneae). KW - Novalena tolucana, p. 226, Novalena variabilis, p. 231]. KW - Novalena variabilis KW - Novalena variabilis (Araneae). KW - Novalena wawona (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Novalena wawona, sp. nov., Wawona Camp, Yosemite Park, California p. 230 KW - nr. Fresno KW - nr. Pine Valley KW - nr. Prescott KW - oquirrhensis KW - Oregon p. 221 fig KW - Oregon p. 221 figs KW - orizaba KW - p. 228, Novalena cuspidata, p. 231, Novalena idahoana, p. 229 fig., KW - p. 238 figs KW - p. 240 fig KW - p. 241 figs KW - p. 241]. KW - Pacific Grove KW - Panama p. 239 fig KW - Panama p. 240 fig KW - Pinehurst KW - redescrib. p. KW - redescrib. p. 206 figs KW - redescrib. p. 208 figs KW - redescrib. p. 209 figs KW - redescrib. p. 212 figs KW - redescrib. p. 212 figs]. KW - redescrib. p. 220 figs KW - region KW - Reno KW - rua KW - rua, p. 232, Rualena simplex, p. 233]. KW - Rualena KW - Rualena (Araneae): [Gen nov, p. 232 KW - Rualena alleni (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena avila (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena cavata KW - Rualena cavata (Araneae). KW - Rualena cockerelli (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena cruzana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena goleta (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena magnacava (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Rualena rua (Araneae). KW - Rualena simplex (Araneae). KW - Rualena simplex [Zoology / / ]. KW - Rualena surana (Araneae): [Sp nov]. KW - Santa Cruz Id KW - Santa Rita Mts KW - santana KW - sp. KW - sp. nov KW - States KW - Sunol KW - Systematics KW - transferred from KW - transferred from Agelena, Novalena annamae, p. 229, Novalena KW - transferred from, Agelena, Rualena cavata, p. 233, Rualena KW - transversa KW - Tulare KW - Weed KW - Yosemite Park VL - 35 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR07900024421 N1 - ZOOR07900024421 ER -