@article {458, title = {Evolution of water surface locomotion by spiders: A comparative approach}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {81}, year = {2004}, note = {ZOOR14004021925}, month = {2004}, pages = {63-78}, abstract = {Spiders vary enormously in their behaviour when placed on the surface of fresh water. In some families (e.g. Theridiidae), the spider typically becomes wet and either sinks or is incapacitated by adhesion to the water. In other families (e.g. Agelenidae), the spider remains dry and moves across the water using its legs in much the same way it does on land, with the members of each leg pair moving in alternation with each other. In at least one family (Pisauridae), the spider remains dry and moves across the water using a rowing or galloping gait in which the members of each propulsive pair of legs move in synchrony with each other. While some degree of hydrophobicity is widespread among spiders, the ability to move on water by rowing occurs rarely; it is common only among families in the Lycosoidea, which is a subset of the GST (Grate-Shaped Tapetum) clade. Our mapping of water surface locomotion behaviour of representatives of 42 families of spiders onto cladograms of the Araneae suggests that the ability to row evolved at the base of the clade that includes Trechaleidae, Pisauridae and Lycosidae and evolved independently in some members of the family Ctenidae. Rowing behaviour is seen in all subfamilies of Lycosidae but, unlike in the Pisauridae in which all animals tested showed the rowing behaviour, many individuals that could row did not do so all of the time. Among the 166 non-lycosoid species we have tested, we have found one species of Araneidae and two species of Salticidae that can row. It is evident from our data that, in most spiders, phylogeny trumps recent selection (based on habitat preference) in determining the spiders{\textquoteright} locomotor behaviour on the water surface.}, keywords = {[Locomotion / / Evolution]., Araneae (Arachnida)., Araneae [Evolutionary adaptation / Water surface locomotion / ] [Natural, Evolution, Locomotion, selection / / Water surface locomotion significance] [Phylogeny / / ], Systematics}, isbn = {0024-4066}, url = {://ZOOREC:ZOOR14004021925}, author = {Stratton, Gail E. and Suter, Robert B. and Miller, Patricia R.} } @article {122, title = {Mitochondrial differentiation, introgression and phylogeny of species in the Tegenaria atrica group (Araneae: Agelenidae)}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {81}, year = {2004}, note = {ZOOR14004021926}, month = {2004}, pages = {79-89}, abstract = {The relationships between the three members of the Tegenaria atrica group (T. atrica, T. saeva and T. gigantea) were examined with DNA sequence data from mitochondrial CO1, 16S rRNA, tRNAleu(CUN) and ND1 genes. Members of this group of large house spiders have overlapping distributions in western Europe and hybridize with each other to a variable degree. The close relatedness of all three species was supported by all analyses. T. saeva and T. gigantea are more closely affiliated than either is to T. atrica. Haplotypes clearly assignable to T. gigantea were also present in many specimens of T. saeva, suggesting asymmetrical introgression of mtDNA from T. gigantea into T. saeva. Molecular clock calibrations (CO1) suggest that deeper divisions within the genus Tegenaria may be in excess of 10 million years old, and that the evolutionary history of the T. atrica group has been moulded by Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles.}, keywords = {[Molecular genetics / / ] [Hybridization / / Introgression evidence], [Phylogeny / Molecular phylogeny / ] [Biochemical variation / / ]., Biochemistry, Evolution, Genetics, mtDNA sequences / Introgression evidence \& phylogenetic implications], Systematics, Tegenaria atrica, Tegenaria atrica (Araneae)., Tegenaria gigantea, Tegenaria gigantea (Araneae)., Tegenaria saeva (Araneae)., Tegenaria saeva [Nucleic acids /, Variation}, isbn = {0024-4066}, url = {://ZOOREC:ZOOR14004021926}, author = {Croucher, P. J. P. and Oxford, G. S. and Searle, J. B.} } @article {25, title = {Social behaviour in a web-building lynx spider, Tapinillus sp. (Araneae: Oxyopidae)}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, volume = {52}, year = {1994}, note = {ZOOR13100027202}, month = {1994}, pages = {163-176}, abstract = {Social behaviour involving cooperative prey capture and communal feeding is reported for the first time in the spider family Oxyopidae (lynx spiders), in a web-building species of the genus Tapinillus. This social spider inhabits communal webs that may contain several dozen individuals, including adults of both sexes and juveniles of different cohorts. Its colonies occur in clusters and appear to be long-lived, much like those of non-territorial permanently social species such as Anelosimus eximius (Theridiidae) or Agelena consociata (Agelenidae). However, unlike colonies of these other cooperative spiders, the colonies of the social Tapinillus do not have highly female-biased sex ratios. The possible explanations for this difference are discussed.}, keywords = {/ / ] [Ecuador / / Sucumbios, \& communal feeding in communal webs, Animal, Behaviour, behaviour in communal webs]., communal webs, constructions, Cooperative, cooperative behaviour relationships] [Webs, Cuyabeno Nature Reserve, Ecology, Ecuador]., Feeding behaviour, first report, first report for, Foraging, Land zones, Neotropical region, Nutrition, Oxyopidae (Araneae)., Oxyopidae [Cooperative behaviour / / Prey capture \& communal feeding in, Oxyopidae] [Food capture / / ] [Cooperative behaviour / / Prey capture, Population dynamics, Population structure, sex ratio / / Communal webs, Sex ratio relations] [Population, Social behaviour, South America, Tapinillus (Araneae)., Tapinillus [Food handling / / Communal feeding}, isbn = {0024-4066}, url = {://ZOOREC:ZOOR13100027202}, author = {Aviles, Leticia} }