TY - JOUR T1 - The comparative protein profiles of venom and venom gland extracts of Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae: Agelenidae) JF - Gazi Universitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Y1 - 2005 A1 - Yigit, Nazife SP - 555 EP - 561 KW - / Comparison with venom gland protein profiles] [Venom glands / Venom KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Agelena labyrinthica [Proteins / Protein profiles / Venom & venom gland KW - Biochemistry KW - Cephalic glands KW - comparative study] [Toxins and venoms / Venom protein profiles KW - Digestive system KW - extracts KW - gland protein profiles / Comparison with venom protein profiles]. AB - Spider venoms are biologically active substances which affect a variety of vital physiological functions in both insects and mammals. The major constituents of spider venoms are protein, polypeptide and polyamine neurotoxins, enzymes, nucleic acids, free amino acids, monoamines and inorganic salts. The identification of the proteins in spider venoms is an essential step for identification of venom. In this study, we compared with protein profiles of Agelena labyrinthica venom obtained by electrostimulation of the prosoma and extracted directly from gland. There were seven components identified in whole venom, when whole venom and venom gland extracts composition of A. labyrinthica were compared by SDS-PAGE. VL - 18 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14201002913 N1 - ZOOR14201002913 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Functional structure of Agelena labyrinthica's (Araneae: Agelenidae) venom gland and electrophoresis of venom JF - Toxicon Y1 - 2006 A1 - Yigit, Nazife A1 - Guven, Turan SP - 58 EP - 67 KW - [Venom glands / / Functional structure]. KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Agelena labyrinthica [Toxins and venoms / Venom electrophoresis / ] KW - Biochemistry KW - Cephalic glands KW - Digestive system AB - The funnel-web spider, Agelena labyrinthica, is widely distributed throughout Turkey. The objective of the present study was to describe the histological and functional fine structure of A. labyrinthica's venom gland by using light microscope, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). We have also preliminarily analyzed venom components by SDS-PAGE. Each venom gland has surrounded by a thin adventitia and gross striated muscular bundles. Basal lamina underlies between muscular bundles and the inner glandular epithelium, and ties up them each other. The striated muscular bundles spirally covered venom gland has been observed by SEM. Intricate relations formed between motor neuron axons and the muscle fibers have been revealed by TEM. The secretory epithelium, which made up of simple columnar cells, formed the secretory region of the venom gland. The secretory surface of the gland was increased by a sort of fringes extended from basal membrane into the gland lumen. The epithelial cells have many rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and different size and shape of secretory granules. These granules have been accumulated in apical portion of the secretory cells. After the gland is emptied, the apical portions of secretory cells deteriorate and the basal epithelial cells regenerate the columnar cells. The analysis of A. labyrinthica venom, which was achieved by SDS-PAGE showed that there have been at least seven components ranging from 10 to 40 kDa molecular weight. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. VL - 47 SN - 0041-0101 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14206035267 N1 - ZOOR14206035267 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - A morphological study on the venom apparatus of the spider Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae, Agelenidae) JF - Turkish Journal of Zoology Y1 - 2004 A1 - Yigit, Nazife A1 - Guven, Turan A1 - Bayram, Abdullah A1 - Cavusoglu, Kultigin SP - 149 EP - 153 KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Agelena labyrinthica [Toxins and venoms / Venom apparatus / KW - Biochemistry KW - Cephalic glands KW - Digestive system KW - Morphological study] [Venom glands / / ]. AB - The morphology of the venom apparatus of the spider Agelena labyrinthica was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The venom apparatus, situated in the anterior of the prosoma, is composed of a pair of chelicerae and venom glands. Each chelicera consists of two parts, a stout basal segment covered by hair, and a movable articulated fang. There are regular, parallel fine grooves on the surface of the cheliceral fang. The venom pore is situated on the subterminal portion of the fang. All of the venom glands are the same size and are shaped like long tubes. Each gland is surrounded by bundles of muscular fibers. Venom is produced in the venom glands, and it is carried by a venom duct passing through the chelicera, exiting from the venom pore during muscular contraction. VL - 28 SN - 1300-0179 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14011067157 N1 - ZOOR14011067157 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogenetic relationships of Chinese wolf spiders (Lycosidae) inferred from 16S rRNA sequences JF - Acta Arachnologica Sinica Y1 - 2007 A1 - Yan, Yu-Chen A1 - Yan, Heng-Mei SP - 65 EP - 71 KW - / Phylogenetic analysis] [Molecular genetics / / ] [Phylogeny / / KW - Asia KW - Biochemistry KW - Eurasia KW - Evolution KW - Genetics KW - Land zones KW - Lycosidae (Araneae). KW - Lycosidae [Nucleic acids / Mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene partial sequences KW - Palaearctic region KW - partial sequences] [Biochemical variation / / ] [China / / KW - partial sequences]. KW - Phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene KW - Systematics KW - Taxonomic relationships inferred from mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene KW - Variation AB - The mtDNA- 16S rRNA gene partial sequences (340-360 bp ) were amplified and sequenced from 26 species representing 4 subfamilies and 6 genera of Lycosidae in China. Aligning with 16S rRNA sequences of 2 species(Pardosa Lycosidae) in North America from GenBank, and selecting 1 species Agelena limbata (Agelenidae) as outgroup from China, we constructed a matrix of 29 DNA sequences. Nucleotides composition, transition and transversion, genetic distance of this segment had been analyzed. The phylogenetic trees of the Lycosidae were constructed by using the method of Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony (MP). The results indicate that average A + T content of 16S rRNA gene in Lycosidae is 75 %, which shows a strong A + T bias. The sequences have 157 variable sites and 79 parsimony-informative sites. Genetic distances among genera of Lycosidae are 0.026-0.200. Molecular phylogeny trees suggest that Pirata is a primordial gene of Hippasa which is differentiated earlier from other species. Trochsa is a monophyletic group, it that with Arctosa form a paraphtletic group. The molecular phylogeny of 6 genera of Lycosidae is(Pirata ( Hippasa ( Trochsa+Arctosa( Pardosa + Wadicosa ) ) ) ). VL - 16 SN - 1005-9628 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402011486 N1 - ZOOR14402011486 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogenetic relationships of Wadicosa in Chinese wolf spiders (Lycosidae, Wadicosinae) JF - Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica Y1 - 2007 A1 - Yan, Yu-Chen A1 - Yan, Heng-Mei SP - 996 EP - 999 KW - Asia KW - Biochemistry KW - Eurasia KW - evidence] [China / / ]. KW - Evolution KW - Genetics KW - Land zones KW - Lycosidae (Araneae). KW - Lycosidae [Nucleic acids / mtDNA & rRNA partial sequences / Phylogenetic KW - Palaearctic KW - region KW - significance] [Molecular genetics / / ] [Phylogeny / / Molecular KW - Systematics AB - The mtDNA-16S rRNA gene partial sequences were amplified and sequenced from 26 species representing 4 subfamilies and 6 genera of Lycosidae in China. Aligning with 16S rRNA sequences of 2 species (Pardosa Lycosidae) in North America from GenBank, and selecting 1 species Angela limbata (Agelenidae) as outgroup from China, we constructed a matrix of 29 DNA sequences. The phylogenetic trees of the Lycosidae were constructed by using the method of Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony (NIP). The results indicate that Wadicosa has the closest phylogenetic relationship with Pardosa. Pardosa and Wadicosa form a monophyletic group and this result supported that the two genera should be merged into one subfamily. the molecular phylogeny of 6 genera of Lycosidae is (Pirata (Hippasa (Trochsa + Arctosa (Pardosa + Wadicosa)))). VL - 32 SN - 1000-0739 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14402010427 N1 - ZOOR14402010427 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Apoptosis and biochemical biomarkers of stress in spiders from industrially polluted areas exposed to high temperature and dimethoate JF - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology Y1 - 2005 A1 - Wilczek, Grazyna SP - 194 EP - 206 KW - [Temperature / High temperature / ] [Poland / Olkusz & Pilica / KW - Abiotic factors KW - Agelena labyrinthica KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Apoptosis / Midgut gland KW - Apoptosis & biochemical biomarkers of stress KW - Biochemistry KW - biomarkers KW - Chemical factors KW - Chemical pollution KW - Digestive system KW - enzyme activity / ] [Digestive gland / / Apoptosis & chemical stress KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - gland apoptosis & biochemical stress marker responses to temperature & KW - individuals from metal polluted sites] [Enzymes / Antioxidant KW - individuals from polluted sites] [Metal pollution / / Midgut KW - Land zones KW - Life cycle and development KW - metallothionein / Stress biomarkers KW - Midgut gland apoptosis & biochemical stress marker responses] KW - Palaearctic region KW - Pardosa lugubris (Araneae). KW - Pardosa lugubris [Proteins / Heat shock proteins & KW - pesticide KW - pesticide exposure]. KW - pesticide relationship] [Fertilizers and pesticides / Dimethoate / KW - Physical factors KW - Pollution KW - Proteins KW - responses to high temperature & KW - responses to temperature & KW - stress biomarker response to temperature & KW - temperature & pesticide pollution exposure] [Development / AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between apoptosis and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; catalase) and quantitative changes in stress protein positive cells (Hsp70; metallothionein) in midgut glands of funnel web spiders Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and wolf spiders Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) exposed to high temperature and pesticide under laboratory conditions. The spiders were collected from two meadow ecosystems differently polluted with metals (Olkusz and Pilica, southern Poland). Under stress conditions, P. lugubris had fewer apoptotic cells in the midgut glands than A. labyrinthica. In P. lugubris from both sites, the observed increase in the percentage of metallothionein and Hsp70-positive cells, simultaneous with intensification of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, suggests an anti-apoptotic function of those proteins in representatives of wandering spiders. In the midgut glands of A. labyrinthica, heat shock and dimethoate increased the number of Annexin V-positive cells as well as the amounts of mitochondria with low transmembrane potential ([DELTA][PSI]m) versus the control. The changes in the percentage of MT and Hsp70-positive cells in funnel web spiders were less than in wolf spiders. The absence of change in SOD and CAT activity in A. labyrinthica shows that the participation of those enzymes in antioxidant reactions is minimal in this species. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. VL - 141 SN - 1532-0456 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14201000233 N1 - ZOOR14201000233 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Relations between metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) and glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes in spiders from a heavy metal pollution gradient JF - Environmental Pollution Y1 - 2004 A1 - Wilczek, Grazyna A1 - Babczynska, Agnieszka A1 - Augustyniak, Maria A1 - Migula, Pawel SP - 453 EP - 461 KW - / Relations with glutathione dependent detoxifying enzymes] [Enzymes / KW - Abiotic factors KW - Agelena labyrinthica KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Biochemistry KW - burden] [Grassland / Meadow / Heavy metal burden & glutathione dependent KW - Chemical factors KW - Chemical pollution KW - detoxifying enzymes] [Metal pollution / / ] [Metals / / ] [Poland / KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - Glutathione dependent detoxifying enzymes / Relations with heavy metal KW - Habitat KW - Land zones KW - Olkusz / meadow habitat]. KW - Palaearctic region KW - Pardosa lugubris (Araneae). KW - Pardosa lugubris [Pollutants / Heavy metal burdens KW - Pollution KW - Proteins KW - Terrestrial habitat AB - We studied the relations between glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes and heavy metal burdens in the web-building spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) from five meadow sites along a heavy metal pollution gradient. We assayed the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidases (GPOX, GSTPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels in both sexes. Except for GSH vs Pb content, we found significant correlations between GPOX and GSTPx activity and metal concentrations in females of A. labyrinthica. The highest activity of these enzymes measured in the web-building spiders was found in the individuals from the most polluted sites. In P. lugubris males significant correlations were found between GST and Pb and Zn concentrations, and between GPOX and GSTPx and the concentration of Cu. GST activity was higher in males collected from less polluted areas. Thus, detoxifying strategies against pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. Actively hunting spiders had higher metal concentrations, maintaining lower activity of detoxifying enzymes and a lower glutathione level. [copyright] 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. VL - 132 SN - 0269-7491 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14101004601 N1 - ZOOR14101004601 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Body burdens of metals in spiders from the Lidice coal dump near Ostrava (Czech Republic) JF - Biologia (Bratislava) Y1 - 2005 A1 - Wilczek, Grazyna A1 - Babczynska, Agnieszka A1 - Majkus, Zdenek SP - 599 EP - 605 KW - / Content] [Metals / Heavy metals / ] [Czech Republic / Ostrava, Lidice KW - / taxonomy & web type relations]. KW - Abiotic factors KW - Animal KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Araneae [Pollutants / Heavy metal content / foraging strategies KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical factors KW - Chemical pollution KW - constructions KW - Ecology KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - Feeding behaviour KW - Habitat KW - habitat / Coal dump habitat / ] [Metal pollution / Heavy metal pollution KW - Land zones KW - Nutrition KW - Palaearctic region KW - Pollution KW - relations] [Foraging / Hunting strategies / ] [Webs / / Type] [Man made KW - Systematics KW - taxonomic position & web type relations] [Diet / / Heavy metal content AB - Spiders' feeding behaviour and external digestion expose them to man-made pollutants, especially those easily transferred along the food chain. The problem for this study was whether the levels of heavy metals in selected species of spiders from the Lidice coal dump reflect adaptation to environmental pollutants. We used flameless and flame AAS to measure the whole-body concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni and Mg in male and female spiders differing in their hunting strategies, type of web construction, prey, and taxonomic position (Araneidae, Agelenidae, Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, Tetragnathidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae, Pisauridae, Clubionidae, Philodromidae). The levels of metals found in the spiders were species-dependent, indicating differences related to the hunting strategy and type of prey. Accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn was always higher in ground spiders than in web-constructing species. Sheet-web spiders Linyphia triangularis and wandering spiders Clubiona lutescens had the lowest Cd, Mg and Cu content of all the studied species. Web-building spiders of the Tetragnathidae family showed the highest Cd, Cu and Pb content, even in species with feeding behaviour similar to spiders of other families. There were no interspecific differences in accumulation only for Fe and Mg. The concentrations of Cd, Ni and Pb were lower in females than in males, irrespective of their taxonomic position and the intensity of their hunting activity. This may suggest that females have better metal-excretion ability than males. VL - 60 SN - 0006-3088 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14205026618 N1 - ZOOR14205026618 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Cellular stress reactions assessed by gender and species in spiders from areas variously polluted with heavy metals JF - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Y1 - 2008 A1 - Wilczek, Grazyna A1 - Babczynska, Agnieszka A1 - Wilczek, Piotr A1 - Dolezych, Bogdan A1 - Migula, Pawel A1 - Mlynska, Hanna SP - 127 EP - 137 KW - [Cytology / Apoptosis & necrosis / ] [Pollutants / Midgut gland heavy KW - [Digestive system / / ] [Sex differences / / ] [Grassland / Meadows / KW - ] [Metal pollution / Heavy metal pollution / ] [Metals / / ] [Poland / KW - Abiotic KW - Agelena labyrinthica KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical factors KW - Chemical pollution KW - Cytology KW - Digestive system KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - factors KW - Habitat KW - Land zones KW - Linyphia triangularis KW - Linyphia triangularis (Araneae). KW - metal content / ] [Proteins / Antioxidant parameters / ] [Enzymes / / ] KW - Olkusz & Pilica / ]. KW - Palaearctic region KW - Pollution KW - Proteins KW - Reproduction KW - Terrestrial habitat KW - Xerolycosa nemoralis KW - Xerolycosa nemoralis (Araneae). AB - In the funnel web spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae; A. l.), sheet web spider Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae; L. t.) and wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae; X. n.) from two differently polluted meadow sites in southern Poland, we studied the relations between antioxidant parameters (glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidases, GPOX, GSTPx; catalase, CAT; stress proteins-Hsp70, metallothioneins Mts), the intensity of apoptosis and necrosis, and heavy metal burdens of the midgut gland. Cellular reactions against stress caused by pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. The concentrations of Zn and Cu in the midgut glands of male A. l. and X. n. were more than double that of the females, from both study sites. In male spiders from the heavily polluted site, both negative correlations (activity of caspase-3-like proteins vs Cu, Zn concentration; number of depolarized mitochondria vs Cu concentration) and positive correlations (number of necrotic cells vs Cu concentrations; activity of CAT vs Zn) were noted. The defense of males against high metal content and its prooxidative effects is based mainly on GSH and CAT. In females the antioxidative reactions are species-specific and depend mainly on high peroxidase activity and on stress protein level. The increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the midgut gland of female spiders from the heavily polluted site suggests the defensive role of this process in maintaining the proper functioning of this organ. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. VL - 70 SN - 0147-6513 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410058564 N1 - ZOOR14410058564 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Changes in cuticular compounds composition during the gregarious period and after dispersal of the young in Tegenaria atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae) JF - Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Y1 - 1996 A1 - Trabalon, Marie A1 - Bagneres, Anne G. A1 - Hartmann, Nadine A1 - Vallet, Anne M. SP - 77 EP - 84 KW - [Cuticle / / ] [Chemical signals / / ] [Aggregating behaviour / / KW - Behaviour KW - Biochemistry KW - Changes during gregarious period & after dispersal of young] KW - changes in synthesis & release of cuticular compounds]. KW - Communication KW - compounds] [Distribution within habitat / / Dispersal of young & KW - Ecology KW - Gregarious period & changes in synthesis & release of cuticular KW - Integument KW - release KW - Social behaviour KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria atrica [Biochemistry / / Cuticular compound synthesis & AB - Qualitative and quantitative changes in synthesis/release of the cuticular products were observed in Tegenaria atrica adult females and their young. In this spider species, 75 different compounds were detected by GC in the female and 36-41 in the young. Then these compounds were identified by GC-MS as mainly acids, methylesters, n-alkanes and monomethylalkanes containing 17-39 carbon atoms. The transition from gregarious to solitary life is accompanied by changes in agonistic behavior and in the composition of cuticular compounds. During the gregarious period, very few qualitative changes were observed in the level of synthesis/release of cuticular products of the young. After dispersal of the young, one n-alkane (n-heneicosane) and two monomethylalkanes (3-methylpentacosane and 14 -+ 12 -+ 10-methyltriacontane) appeared, when in three other compounds proportional changes were observed. The adult females had many more compounds, one part being the same as the young with different proportions, another part being new compounds, essentially hydrocarbons. VL - 26 SN - 0965-1748 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR13300008284 N1 - ZOOR13300008284 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Polymethyleneamine alkaloids of animal origin: II. Polyamine neurotoxins JF - Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry Y1 - 2006 A1 - Rogoza, L. N. A1 - Salakhutdinov, N. F. A1 - Tolstikov, G. A. SP - 23 EP - 36 KW - Agelenidae KW - Agelenidae (Araneae). KW - Araneidae KW - Araneidae (Araneae). KW - Biochemistry KW - Philanthus triangulum (Sphecidae). KW - Philanthus triangulum [Toxins and venoms / KW - Polyamine neurotoxins / Structure & biological activity]. AB - Information on the structure and biological activity of animal alkaloids, polymethyleneamine components of spider and wasp venoms is considered and systematized. These natural compounds are used for the development and modification of medicines for treating the functional disturbances in the central nervous system of humans. VL - 32 SN - 1068-1620 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14209054495 N1 - ZOOR14209054495 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Part 1 - text T2 - The spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Part 1 - text. Y1 - 1993 A1 - Roberts, M. J. SP - 1 EP - 229, 1 KW - [Genitalia / / Epigyne] [Reproductive behaviour / / Courtship & KW - [Glossaries / / Morphological terms] [Faunal works / / ] KW - [Identification guides / / ] [Collecting techniques / / Notes] KW - [Preservation of specimens / / ] [General morphology / / External KW - additional species, p. 177 (Volume 2) KW - Agelenidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Appendages KW - Araneae (Arachnida): [Nomenclature, Notes, p. 31 (Volume 1) KW - Araneae [Bibliographies / / Specialist identification works for United KW - Araneidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Araneus diadematus (Araneae). KW - Araneus diadematus [Pedipalps / / Male KW - Behaviour KW - Biochemistry KW - Biology KW - Classification, Notes, p. 31 (Volume 1) KW - Clubionidae (Araneae): [Key to subfamilies, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Collection maintenance KW - Dictionaries KW - Dictynidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - distribution KW - Documentation KW - Dysderidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - ecology & study techniques] [United Kingdom / / ]. KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - Evolution KW - features & terminology] [Silk / / ] [Toxins and venoms / / ] KW - General morphology KW - Gnaphosidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - guide & checklist KW - Hahniidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 115 (Volume 2)]. KW - Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 124 (Volume 2)]. KW - Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 35 (Volume 1)]. KW - Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 80 (Volume 1)]. KW - Key KW - Key to families, Republic of KW - Key to genera, Republic of KW - Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United Kingdom, Extended to include KW - Key to species, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Kingdom & Europe] [Checklists / / Republic of Ireland & United Kingdom] KW - Kingdom, Extended to include additional species, p. 177 (Volume 2) KW - Kingdom, P. 115 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 156 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 16 (Volume 2) KW - Kingdom, P. 16 (Volume 2)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 168 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 172 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 198 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 205 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 50 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 60 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 64 (Volume 1)]. KW - Kingdom, P. 97 (Volume 1) KW - Kingdom, P. 97 (Volume 1)]. KW - Land zones KW - Lepthyphantes - Menge 1866 (Araneae): [Key to species groups, Republic KW - Linyphiidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - mating] [Communication / / ] [Republic of Ireland / / Identification KW - Meioneta - Hull 1920 (Araneae): [Key to species groups, Republic of KW - Mouthparts KW - note on variability KW - note]. KW - of Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 157 (Volume 2)]. KW - of Ireland & United Kingdom] [Morphological variation / / Male palps KW - Palaearctic region KW - Porrhomma - Simon 1884 (Araneae): [Key to species groups, Republic of KW - Publications KW - Reproduction KW - Reproductive system KW - Republic KW - Salticidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Silk glands KW - Systematics KW - Taxonomy KW - Techniques KW - Tetragnathidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Theridiidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, Republic of Ireland & United KW - Thomisidae (Araneae): [Key to subfamilies, Republic of Ireland & United KW - to subfamilies, Republic of Ireland & United Kingdom, P. 80 (Volume 1) KW - Trochosa - Koch 1846 (Araneae): [Key to species, Republic of Ireland & KW - United Kingdom, P. 146 (Volume 1)]. KW - Variation KW - With notes on taxonomy JF - The spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. Part 1 - text. PB - Harley Books, Colchester UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12900001200 N1 - ZOOR12900001200Book ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Relationships among food and contact signals in experimental group-living young of Tegenaria atrica JF - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Pourie, Gregory A1 - Trabalon, Marie SP - 188 EP - 197 KW - (Diptera) KW - [Diet / / Cannibalism incidence KW - & cuticle lipid composition] [Feeding behaviour / / ]. KW - Availability KW - availability & rearing conditions] [Cuticle / / Lipid composition] KW - Behaviour KW - Biochemistry KW - Calliphora vomitoria (Calliphoridae): [Prey]. KW - Calliphora vomitoria [Social behaviour / / Individual vs group rearing KW - composition] [Food availability / / effect on incidence of cannibalism KW - Diet KW - Ecology KW - effect of prey KW - effect on incidence of cannibalism & lipid KW - Effect on incidence of cannibalism & lipid composition] [Arachnid KW - effect on incidence of cannibalism & lipid composition]. KW - Gryllus bimaculatus (Saltatoria): [Prey]. KW - Gryllus bimaculatus [Arachnid predators / / Tegenaria atrica KW - influence of prey availability & KW - Integument KW - Nutrition KW - Predators KW - predators / / Tegenaria atrica KW - Prey KW - Prey availability KW - Prey availability]. KW - rearing conditions] [Insect prey / / Gryllus (Orthoptera) & Calliphora KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae): [Predator]. KW - Tegenaria atrica [Lipids / / Cuticle composition AB - Relationships between the quantity of diet, and group vs. individual rearing toward ontogenesis on degree of cannibalism and cuticular lipid profile of young Tegenaria atrica Araneae, Agelenidae were studied. Ad libitum diet increases the development rate and decreases cannibalism between conspecifics compared to a reduced diet. Individually reared young on the two diets showed no quantitative differences in cuticular lipid profile, but differences were observed in individuals vs. group rearing modes. The ad libitum-fed grouped young spiders had notably increased quantities of palmitic acid, 13,17-,11,17-, and 9,17-dimethylhentriacontane, methyl oleate, and n-heptatriacontane over the reduced diet, cannibalistic group. VL - 42 SN - 0739-4462 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR13600042477 N1 - ZOOR13600042477 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Contact sex signals on web and cuticle of Tegenaria atrica (Araneae, Agelenidae) JF - Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology Y1 - 1999 A1 - Prouvost, Olivier A1 - Trabalon, Marie A1 - Papke, Mirjam A1 - Schulz, Stefan SP - 194 EP - 202 KW - / Female chemical sex recognition signals KW - Animal constructions KW - Behaviour KW - Biochemistry KW - Communication KW - cuticle & web KW - Ecology KW - female cuticle & web] [Chemical signals / / ] [Webs / / ]. KW - Integument KW - Male responses to female sexual receptivity] [Cuticle / KW - Reproduction KW - Reproductive behaviour KW - sexual receptivity KW - significance] [Sex recognition / / Chemical sex recognition signals on KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria atrica [Lipids / / Contact sex recognition signals on female AB - Qualitative changes in lipid content and composition were examined on the web and cuticle of Tegenaria atrica females in relation to sexual receptivity. In this spider species, 78 different compounds were detected by gas chromatography in the cuticle extract and 50 in the web; 28 identical compounds were present both on the spider silk and the cuticle of the female. The components were long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and esters. On the web, sexual receptivity was correlated with changes in eleven polar compounds. On the cuticle, sexual receptivity was correlated with changes in eight polar compounds and 26 hydrocarbons. Bioassays demonstrated that the methanol eluate of webs and females were involved in stimulating the sexual behavior of males. Qualitative and/or quantitative changes in hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, octadecenoic acid, methyl palmitate, methyl octadecanoate, and n-tricosane could play a role in the contact sex signals from web and cuticle ofT. atrica. VL - 40 SN - 0739-4462 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR13600003094 N1 - ZOOR13600003094 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Calcium channel-targeted polypeptide toxins JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Y1 - 1991 A1 - Olivera, B. M. A1 - Imperial, J. S. A1 - Cruz, L. J. A1 - Bindokas, V. P. A1 - Venema, V. J. A1 - Adams, M. E. SP - 114 EP - 122 KW - [Toxins and venoms / / Calcium channel targeted polypeptide toxin KW - Agelenidae KW - Agelenidae (Araneae). KW - Agelenopsis aperta KW - Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae). KW - Biochemistry KW - characterization]. KW - Conus KW - Conus (Conoidea). KW - Conus geographus KW - Conus geographus (Conoidea). KW - Conus magnus KW - Conus magnus (Conoidea). VL - 635 SN - 0077-8923 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12900054185 N1 - ZOOR12900054185 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Fine structural analysis of the neuromuscular junction in the venomous organ of the spider, Agelena limbata (Araneae: Agelenidae) JF - Korean Journal of Zoology Y1 - 1996 A1 - Moon, Myung-Jin SP - 223 EP - 230 KW - Agelena limbata (Araneae). KW - Agelena limbata [Toxins and venoms / / Venomous organ KW - Biochemistry KW - Cephalic glands KW - Digestive system KW - gland] [Venom glands / / ]. KW - junction KW - Nervous system KW - neuromuscular KW - ultrastructure] [Synapses / / Neuromuscular junction in venom AB - Fine structure of the neuromuscular junction in the venomous organ of the spider, Agelena limbata, was studied using high magnification electron microscope. The motor nerve endings at neuromuscular contact area composed of neurons and neuroglial cells were located between musculature and extracellular sheath of the venom gland. At the synaptic contact between a motor axon and a muscle fiber in the musculature, spherical synaptic vesicles were prominent in the nerve terminal. The sarcoplasm beneath the neuromuscular synapse has a granular appearance and lacks myofilaments. And the main axon gives off a branch between the muscle fibers. The synaptic regions of this organ are located close to the myofilaments unlike to other chelicerate classes. Moreover the postsynaptic complex of vesicles and membrane invaginations present in other synaptic regions are absent from these regions in this venomous organ. VL - 39 SN - 0440-2510 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR13300031593 N1 - ZOOR13300031593Serial Number 133 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the foregut muscles of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) JF - Journal of Morphology Y1 - 1981 A1 - Meyer, W. SP - 113 EP - 131 KW - / / histochemistry & morphology] [Muscle arrangement and gross muscle KW - anatomy / / ] [Digestive system / / ]. KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Araneae [Biochemistry / / Histochemistry KW - Biochemistry KW - Digestive system KW - foregut muscles] [Musculature KW - Musculature AB - The morphology of the foregut muscles of 5 spider families (Theraphosidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae) was described, and the individual fiber numbers and fiber cross diameters of the muscles were determined. The nomenclature of these muscles was reviewed and modified if necessary. Oxidative enzyme and myosin-ATPase histochemistry revealed 8 dilatatory muscles of the foregut to consist of slow (type I) fibers, fast fibers (type IIB) and intermediate fibers, were only found in the 2 other muscles of the foregut, and in the remaining prosomal muscles (type IIA fibers around the poison gland). The 8 sucking muscles proper of the foregut also showed stronger activities of transmitter metabolizing enzymes [monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase (NAD)], and comparatively distinct amounts of glycogen and lipids. VL - 170 SN - 0362-2525 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11800014951 N1 - ZOOR11800014951 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - The distribution of monoamine oxidase and biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) JF - Journal of Morphology Y1 - 1980 A1 - Meyer, W. A1 - Jehnen, R. SP - 69 EP - 81 KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Araneae [Enzymes / / Monoamine oxidase distribution in CNS] [Protein KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical composition KW - content / / Monoamine distribution in CNS] [Brain / / ]. KW - Nervous system KW - Proteins AB - The distribution and activity patterns of monoamine oxidase and monoaminergic (formaldehyde-induced) fluorescence in the CNS of web-building and hunting spiders [web builders: Agelenidae (funnel-web spiders), Tegenaria derhami (Scopoli); Araneidae (orb-web spiders), Araneus sclopetarius (Clerck), A. marmoreus (Clerck) and Zygiella x-notata (Clerck); hunters: Lycosidae (wolf-spiders), Pardosa lugubris (Walkenaer), P. amentata (Clerck) and Trochosa spinipalpis (Cambridge); Salticidae (jumping spiders), Epiblemum scenicum (Clerck), (= Salticus scenicus Linne), Sitticus floricola (C.L. Koch) and Marpissa muscosa (Clerck) (= M. rumpfi (Scopoli)] were studied using histochemical methods. Enzyme activity occurred in the neuronal perikarya and in varying intensity in the structures of the neuropile mass, but only when dopamine, adrenaline [epinephrine] and noradrenaline [norepinephrine] were used as substrates. The optic centers of the spider brain normally exhibited relatively strong enzyme reactions when compared with the staining intensity of the rest of the nervous system. The neuronal cell bodies contained numerous granules of yellow-green fluorescence. Monoaminergic fluorescence of the neuropile was generally a weak green. The optic masses of the hunting spiders, the anterior bridge, several commissures of the ventral cord and the neural lamellae showed a slightly higher fluorescence intensity and single fluorescing granules. The presence of catecholamines in the spider nervous system is indicated. VL - 164 SN - 0362-2525 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11700016270 N1 - ZOOR11700016270 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Comparative aspects of free amino acids in the central nervous system of spiders JF - Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C Comparative Pharmacology Y1 - 1980 A1 - Meyer, W. A1 - Poehling, H. M. A1 - Neuhoff, V. SP - 83 EP - 86 KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Araneae [Protein content / / Free amino acids KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical composition KW - CNS] [Central nervous KW - Nervous system KW - system / / Free amino acid diversity]. AB - The spectrum of free amino acids in the CNS of 6 spp. from 6 different spider families [Tegenaria derhami (Scopoli) (Agelenidae), Araneus diadematus Clerck (Araneidae), Pardosa amentata (Clerck) (Lycosidae), Marpissa muscosa (Clerck) (Salticidae), Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Rossi (Theridiidae) and the orthognath species Aphonopelma eutylenum (Chamberlin) (Theraphosidae)] was analyzed by microchromatography of dansyl derivatives. Dansyl amino acids (23) were identified and the following ones were relatively abundant in all the species investigated: taurine, alanine, glycine, GABA, proline, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Results are compared with findings from other arthropod subphyla, and the role of amino acids as putative neurotransmitters in the arthropod CNS is discussed. VL - 67 SN - 0306-4492 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11700017268 N1 - ZOOR11700017268 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (new rank), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae) JF - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Y1 - 2010 A1 - Miller, Jeremy A. A1 - Carmichael, Anthea A1 - Ramirez, Martin J. A1 - Spagna, Joseph C. A1 - Haddad, Charles R. A1 - Rezac, Milan A1 - Johannesen, Jes A1 - Kral, Jiri A1 - Wang, Xin-Ping A1 - Griswold, Charles E. SP - 786 EP - 804 KW - [Evolution / / ] [Phylogeny / Cladistics / ]. KW - [Nucleic acids / DNA sequence analysis / ] [Molecular genetics / / ] KW - 801]. KW - Alloclubionoides - Paik 1992 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Amaurobiidae, p. 801]. KW - Amaurobiidae, p. 802]. KW - Appendages KW - Bifidocoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Biochemistry KW - Coelotes - Blackwall 1841 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Coras - Simon 1898 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Draconarius - Ovtchinnikov 1999 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae KW - Entelegynae (Araneae). KW - Entelegynae [Spinnerets / Cribellum evolution / taxonomic implications] KW - Eresidae, p. 801]. KW - Eurocoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Evolution KW - Femoracoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - from Amaurobiidae, p. 802]. KW - General morphology KW - Genetics KW - Himalcoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Iwogumoa - Kishida 1955 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Leptocoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Lineacoelotes - Xu, Li & Wang 2008 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae KW - Longicoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Notiocoelotes - Wang, Xu & Li 2008 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae KW - Orumcekia - Kocak & Kemal 2008 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Penestomidae - Simon 1903 (Araneae): [Raised from, Penestominae, p. KW - Penestominae - Simon 1903 (Araneae): [Raised to, Penestomidae, p. 801]. KW - Penestomus - Simon 1902 (Araneae): [Referred to, Penestomidae from KW - Pireneitega - Kishida 1955 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Platocoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Robusticoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Spiricoelotes - Wang 2002 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Status KW - Systematics KW - Tamgrinia - Lehtinen 1967 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Taxonomic position KW - Taxonomy KW - Tegecoelotes - Ovtchinnikov 1999 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae KW - Tonsilla - Wang & Yin 1992 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Urocoras - Ovtchinnikov 1999 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from KW - Wadotes - Chamberlin 1925 (Araneae): [Referred to, Ageleniidae from AB - Penestomine spiders were first described from females only and placed in the family Eresidae. Discovery of the male decades later brought surprises, especially in the morphology of the male pedipalp, which features (among other things) a retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA). The presence of an RTA is synapomorphic for a large clade of spiders exclusive of Eresidae. A molecular data matrix based on four loci was constructed to test two alternative hypotheses: (1) penestomines are eresids and the RTA is convergent, or (2) penestomines belong within the RTA clade. Taxon sampling concentrated on the Eresidae and the RTA clade, especially outside of the Dionycha and Lycosoidea. Evolution of the cribellum, conventionally characterized as a primitive araneomorph spinning organ lost multiple times, is explored. Parsimony optimization indicates repeated appearances of the cribellum. Exploration of asymmetric rates of loss and gain in both a likelihood framework and using a Sankoff matrix under parsimony reveals that cribellum homology is supported when losses are two times more likely than gains. We suggest that when complicated characters appear (under parsimony optimization) to evolve multiple times, investigators should consider alternative reconstructions featuring a relatively high rate of loss. Evolution of other morphological characters is also investigated. The results imply revised circumscription of some RTA-clade families, including Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae and Hahniidae. Some nomenclatural changes are formally proposed here; others await further investigation. The family Penestomidae (NEW RANK) is established. Tamgrinia, not Neoramia, is the cribellate sister clade of the ecribellate Agelenidae. Tamgrinia and the subfamily Coelotinae are transferred from the family Amaurobiidae to the family Agelenidae. Zanomys and its relatives are not coelotines but belong to a clade tentatively identified as Macrobuninae. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. VL - 55 SN - 1055-7903 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14608055960 N1 - ZOOR14608055960 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Phosphatases in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) JF - Histochemistry Y1 - 1979 A1 - Meyer, W. SP - 177 EP - 187 KW - [Enzymes / / Phosphatase distribution KW - / / ]. KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Araneae [Enzymes / / Phosphatase distribution] [Central nervous system KW - Araneus sclopetarius KW - Araneus sclopetarius (Araneae). KW - atrica KW - Biochemistry KW - central nervous system]. KW - Marpissa muscosa KW - Marpissa muscosa (Araneae). KW - Nervous system KW - Pardosa amentata KW - Pardosa amentata (Araneae). KW - Proteins KW - Tegenaria KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria derhami KW - Tegenaria derhami (Araneae). KW - Trochosa spinipalpis KW - Trochosa spinipalpis (Araneae). KW - Zygiella x-notata KW - Zygiella x-notata (Araneae). AB - The CNS of web-building spiders (Araneidae, Agelenidae) and hunting spiders (Lycosidae, Salticidae) were tested for nonspecific and specific phosphatases. Acid phosphatase exhibited weakly to moderately positive reactions in the neuronal cell bodies and in the neuropile fiber mass of all species investigated. Alkaline phosphatase could only be demonstrated in the external and internal neural lamellae of the brain and ventral cord of several specimens of the araneid species investigated. Tests for thiamine pyrophosphatase were negative with both the Pb and Ca-Co methods. Distinctive positive reactions for ATPase were visible in the nervous system of all the species used, being especially strong in the optic ganglia of the hunting spiders. The demonstration of ATPase was only possible when applying the Ca-Co method after Padykula and Herman, while the Pb method after Wachstein and Meisel did not produce any staining reaction at all. Controls of the histochemical reaction showed that the enzyme was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by sulfhydryl destroying reagents (e.g., PCMB [p-chloromercuribenzoate]), but was insensitive to ouabain. It could be probably classified as a mitochondrial proton-translocating ATPase. VL - 59 SN - 0301-5564 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11600016844 N1 - ZOOR11600016844 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Anatomie, histologie et affinites de l'appareil sericigene des Hersilia Sav. et Aud. (Araneae: Hersiliidae) JF - Canadian Journal of Zoology Y1 - 1984 A1 - Kovoor, J. SP - 97 EP - 106 KW - Biochemistry KW - biochemistry & functional KW - Chemical composition KW - General morphology KW - Hersilia (Araneae). KW - Hersilia [Silk glands / / Anatomy KW - histology KW - relationships] [Protein content / / ]. AB - Although hersiliid spiders do not spin any webs, their silk glands, which belong to 6 types, are large and complex. Two groups of ampullate glands, one opening on the anterior spinnerets and the other on the median spinnerets, secrete 2 proteins each. About 180 pyriform glands are clearly bipartite. Over 200 type A aciniform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets are made up of 3 categories of secretory cells. Silk from these glands consists of 2 proteins (core and outer coat) joined together by an intermediary layer of acidic glycoprotein. All the 160 type B aciniform glands opening on the posterior spinnerets secrete a single protein. Fifty tubuliform glands opening on the median and posterior spinnerets produce 2 proteins, one of which is colored. As in Uroteinae, long posterior spinnerets and large, numerous aciniform and tubuliform glands are correlated with swathing of prey and egg-cocoon construction. In Lycosidae and Agelenidae, the ampullate glands show the same number and distribution according to the spinnerets. Anatomical and histochemical features of hersiliid aciniform and ampullate glands are close to those of some Araneoidea. Apart from peculiar characteristics, silk glands of Hersilia might represent an intermediate evolutionary stage towards Araneoidea. VL - 62 SN - 0008-4301 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12100007406 N1 - ZOOR12100007406 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - How to know the spiders. W JF - C Brown Co Dubuque Iowa Y1 - 1972 A1 - Kaston, B. J. SP - Unpaginated KW - / ] [Webs / / Structure]. KW - Achaearanea (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 108]. KW - Agelenidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 173]. KW - Amaurobiidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 82]. KW - Animal constructions KW - Antrodiaetidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America. p. 58]. KW - Anyphaenidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 231]. KW - Araneae (Arachnida): [Key to families, North America, p. 35]. KW - Araneae [Collecting techniques / / ] [Body form / / ] [Toxins and KW - Araneidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 146]. KW - Argiope (Araneae): [Key to species, North America, p. 138]. KW - Behaviour KW - Biochemistry KW - Carnivorous feeding KW - Clubionidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 217]. KW - Courtship KW - Ctenidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 234]. KW - Ctenium (Araneae): [Key to species, North America, p. 115]. KW - Ctenizidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 66]. KW - Dictynidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 78]. KW - Dipluridae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 64]. KW - Ecology KW - Feeding KW - General morphology KW - Gnaphosidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 209]. KW - Hahniidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 183]. KW - Key KW - Latrodectus (Araneae): [Key to species, North America, p. 103]. KW - Linyphiidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 120]. KW - Lycosidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America. p. 191]. KW - Mecicobothriidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 60]. KW - Mimetidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 185]. KW - Oonopidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 90]. KW - Oxyopidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 207]. KW - Pholcidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 94]. KW - Pisauridae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 187]. KW - Plectreuridae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 89]. KW - Reproduction KW - reproductive KW - Salticidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 249]. KW - Sparassidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 235]. KW - Systematics KW - Taxonomy KW - Techniques KW - Tetragnathidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 168]. KW - Theraphosidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 63]. KW - Theridiidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 98]. KW - Thomisidae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 237]. KW - Uloboridae (Araneae): [Key to genera, North America, p. 74]. KW - venoms / / ] [Predation / / ] [Courtship display / / ] [Life habit / VL - 1-289 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR10900013825 N1 - ZOOR10900013825 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Neuroactive toxins of spider venoms JF - Journal of Toxicology Toxin Reviews Y1 - 1991 A1 - Kawai, N. SP - 131 EP - 167 KW - Agelenidae KW - Agelenidae (Araneae). KW - Araneae KW - Araneae (Arachnida). KW - Argiope KW - Argiope (Araneae). KW - Biochemistry KW - Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus KW - Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus (Araneae). KW - Nephila (Araneae). KW - Nephila [Toxins and venoms / / Neurotoxins KW - review]. VL - 10 SN - 0731-3837 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12800028376 N1 - ZOOR12800028376 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Lebensweise und jahreszyklische Veranderungen des Stoffbestandes der Spinne Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch (Agelenidae) JF - Journal Comp Physiol Y1 - 1974 A1 - Gollatz, K. G. A1 - Mommsen, T. SP - 91 EP - 109 KW - and biochemical sex differences / / BIOCHEMICAL SEX DIFFERENCES] [ / / KW - Biochemical sex differences KW - Biochemistry KW - Effect of]. KW - Qualitative study] [ / / Effect of KW - Reproduction KW - Sex differences KW - Sexual reproduction] [Physiological KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria atrica [Chemical composition / / Annual variation VL - 91 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11100022324 N1 - ZOOR11100022324 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Mitochondrial differentiation, introgression and phylogeny of species in the Tegenaria atrica group (Araneae: Agelenidae) JF - Biological Journal of the Linnean Society Y1 - 2004 A1 - Croucher, P. J. P. A1 - Oxford, G. S. A1 - Searle, J. B. SP - 79 EP - 89 KW - [Molecular genetics / / ] [Hybridization / / Introgression evidence] KW - [Phylogeny / Molecular phylogeny / ] [Biochemical variation / / ]. KW - Biochemistry KW - Evolution KW - Genetics KW - mtDNA sequences / Introgression evidence & phylogenetic implications] KW - Systematics KW - Tegenaria atrica KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria gigantea KW - Tegenaria gigantea (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria saeva (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria saeva [Nucleic acids / KW - Variation AB - The relationships between the three members of the Tegenaria atrica group (T. atrica, T. saeva and T. gigantea) were examined with DNA sequence data from mitochondrial CO1, 16S rRNA, tRNAleu(CUN) and ND1 genes. Members of this group of large house spiders have overlapping distributions in western Europe and hybridize with each other to a variable degree. The close relatedness of all three species was supported by all analyses. T. saeva and T. gigantea are more closely affiliated than either is to T. atrica. Haplotypes clearly assignable to T. gigantea were also present in many specimens of T. saeva, suggesting asymmetrical introgression of mtDNA from T. gigantea into T. saeva. Molecular clock calibrations (CO1) suggest that deeper divisions within the genus Tegenaria may be in excess of 10 million years old, and that the evolutionary history of the T. atrica group has been moulded by Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles. VL - 81 SN - 0024-4066 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14004021926 N1 - ZOOR14004021926 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Physiological conditions and variations of body constituents during the moulting cycle of the spider Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch (Agelenidae) JF - Comparative Biochem Physiol (A) Y1 - 1975 A1 - Collatz, K. G. A1 - Mommsen, T. SP - 465 EP - 476 KW - [Ecdysis / / Effect on KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical composition]. KW - Development KW - Effect of] KW - Life cycle and development KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria atrica [Biochemistry / / NATURAL COMPONENTS VL - 52 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11200015898 N1 - ZOOR11200015898 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Veranderung der Korperzusammensetzung und der Stoff wechselintensitet der Spinne Tegenaria atrica C.L. Koch (Agelenidae) nach kurzem und langem Hunger JF - Journal Comp Physiol Y1 - 1975 A1 - Collatz, K. G. A1 - Mommsen, T. SP - 205 EP - 212 KW - [Biochemistry / / Natural components KW - Biochemistry KW - Effect of KW - Starvation] KW - Starvation]. KW - Tegenaria atrica (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria atrica [Metabolic rate / / Effect of KW - Whole animal physiology VL - 98 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR11200027385 N1 - ZOOR11200027385 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Properties of calcium channels isolated with spider toxin, FTX JF - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Y1 - 1991 A1 - Cherksey, B. D. A1 - Sugimori, M. A1 - Llinas, R. R. SP - 80 EP - 89 KW - Agelenidae (Araneae). KW - Agelenidae [Toxins and venoms / / Calcium channel targeted toxin KW - Biochemistry KW - characterization]. VL - 635 SN - 0077-8923 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12900054184 N1 - ZOOR12900054184 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - An analysis of geographic and intersexual chemical variation in venoms of the spider Tegenaria agrestis (Agelenidae) JF - Toxicon Y1 - 2001 A1 - Binford, G. J. SP - 955 EP - 968 KW - [Washington / Snohomish County, Marysville / ]. KW - & intersexual variation KW - biochemical sex differences / / geographical variation] [Biochemical KW - Biochemistry KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - Evolution KW - geographical KW - Kingdom KW - Land KW - Landeron / ] [England / Derbyshire, Buxton, Tungstead Quarry / ] KW - Nearctic region KW - North America KW - Palaearctic region KW - Reproduction KW - Sex differences KW - Switzerland & Washington] [Physiological and KW - Tegenaria agrestis (Araneae). KW - Tegenaria agrestis [Toxins and venoms / / Venom chemistry KW - United KW - USA KW - Variation KW - variation / / geographical & intersexual differences] [Switzerland / Le KW - zones AB - The spider Tegenaria agrestis is native to Europe, where it is considered medically innocuous. This species recently colonized the US where it has been accused of bites that result in necrotic lesions and systemic effects in humans. One possible explanation of this pattern is the US spiders have unique venom characteristics. This study compares whole venoms from US and European populations to look for unique US characteristics, and to increase our understanding of venom variability within species. This study compared venoms from T. agrestis males and females from Marysville, Washington (US), Tungstead Quarry, England (UK) and Le Landeron, Switzerland, by means of liquid chromatography; and the US and UK populations by insect bioassays. Chromatographic profiles were different between sexes, but similar within sexes between US and UK populations. Venoms from the Swiss population differed subtly in composition from UK and US venoms. No peaks were unique to the US population. Intersexual differences were primarily in relative abundance of components. Insect assays revealed no differences between US and UK venom potency, but female venoms were more potent than male. These results are difficult to reconcile with claims of necrotic effects that are unique to venoms of US Tegenaria. VL - 39 SN - 0041-0101 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR13700031557 N1 - ZOOR13700031557 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Molecular evidence for Pleistocene glacial cycles driving diversification of a North American desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta JF - Molecular Ecology Y1 - 2004 A1 - Ayoub, Nadia A. A1 - Riechert, Susan E. SP - 3453 EP - 3465 KW - Abiotic factors KW - Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae): [Fossil]. KW - Agelenopsis aperta [Enzymes / Cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA gene sequence / KW - Biochemistry KW - Caenozoic KW - Diversification patterns KW - diversification patterns] [North America / / ] [Pleistocene / / ]. KW - Evolution KW - Genetics KW - Geological time periods KW - influence of climatic vs geological KW - influences] [Molecular genetics / / ] [Population genetics / / KW - Land zones KW - molecular evidence] [Biochemical variation / / Cytochrome oxidase I KW - mtDNA sequences] [Climate and weather / / Influence on diversification KW - Nearctic region KW - patterns] [Geophysical events / / Geological influences on KW - Physical factors KW - Proteins KW - Quaternary KW - Variation AB - The influence of historical climatic vs. geological changes on species diversification patterns was investigated in a widely distributed North American desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae: Agelenidae), with particular reference to Pleistocene glacial cycles and earlier patterns of mountain building. Levels of sequence divergence obtained from the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase I, dated to the Pleistocene, eliminating Rocky Mountain orogeny as a cause of diversification, as orogeny ended 4 million years ago. The results of phylogenetic and network analyses showed the presence of three geographically defined clades, which were consistent with the presence of at least three glacial refugia: (i) east of the Rocky Mountains; (ii) between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas; and (iii) west of the Sierra Nevadas. In addition, populations within the Rocky Mountains exhibited significantly lower genetic diversity than populations east of the Rocky Mountains and the haplotypes found within the Rockies were a subset of eastern haplotypes. These patterns suggest that a post-Pleistocene range expansion occurred out of an eastern glacial refugium into the Rocky Mountains. Examination of phylogeographical studies of other North American desert taxa indicated that mountain building explained diversification patterns more effectively for some taxa but Pleistocene climate change was more important for others, including A. aperta. VL - 13 SN - 0962-1083 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14101006872 N1 - ZOOR14101006872 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Speciation history of the North American funnel web spiders, Agelenopsis (Araneae: Agelenidae): phylogenetic inferences at the population-species interface JF - Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Y1 - 2005 A1 - Ayoub, Nadia A. A1 - Riechert, Susan E. A1 - Small, Randall L. SP - 42 EP - 57 KW - [Biochemical variation / / ] [North America / / Molecular phylogeny & KW - Agelenopsis (Araneae). KW - Agelenopsis [Nucleic acids / mtDNA & 16S rRNA sequences / Phylogenetic KW - Biochemistry KW - cytochrome KW - Evolution KW - Genetics KW - Land zones KW - Nearctic region KW - oxidase & rRNA sequences] [Speciation / Speciation history / ] KW - Proteins KW - relationships KW - sequences / ] [Molecular genetics / mtDNA, cytochrome oxidase & rRNA KW - sequences / ] [Phylogeny / Molecular phylogeny / mtDNA KW - speciation implications] [Enzymes / Cytochrome oxidase I KW - speciation]. KW - Systematics KW - Variation AB - Intra- and interspecific relationships of 12 out of 13 described species as well as a potential new species in the spider genus Agelenopsis (Araneae: Agelenidae) were analyzed using sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA. Approximately half of the species examined formed well-supported monophyletic groups, whereas the rest of the species were part of well-supported monophyletic species groups. Rather than viewing cases where species were not identified as being monophyletic as poor taxonomy, these cases more likely represent recent speciation and offer insights into the process of speciation. The clade with the lowest levels of interspecific sequence divergence was found in eastern North America, whereas western species displayed much higher levels of interspecific divergence. These patterns appear to extend below the species level as well, with southwestern species exhibiting the highest levels of intraspecific sequence divergence and geographic structuring. The relationship between Agelenopsis and Barronopsis, a genus once considered a sub-genus of Agelenopsis, was also examined. The two genera are reciprocally monophyletic but more generic level sampling is needed to confirm an apparent sister relationship between the two. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. VL - 36 SN - 1055-7903 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14110057613 N1 - ZOOR14110057613 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Quantitative immunodetection of metallothioneins in relation to metals concentration in spiders from variously polluted areas JF - Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Y1 - 2011 A1 - Babczynska, Agnieszka A1 - Wilczek, Grazyna A1 - Szulinska, Elzbieta A1 - Franiel, Izabella SP - 1498 EP - 1503 KW - Agelena labyrinthica KW - Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae). KW - Araneus diadematus KW - Araneus diadematus (Araneae). KW - Biochemical techniques KW - Biochemistry KW - Chemical KW - Eurasia KW - Europe KW - Land zones KW - Linyphia triangularis (Araneae). KW - Linyphia triangularis [Assay KW - Metallothioneins content / ] [Metal pollution / / ] [Poland / South / KW - Palaearctic region KW - Pollution KW - Techniques KW - techniques / ELISA / ] [Pollutants / Metals content / ] [Proteins / AB - Spiders inhabiting post industrial environments, such as waste heaps or ore-bearing areas, are exposed to high concentrations of metals, accumulated in the body of their prey and transferred along food chains. Therefore spiders are pressed to develop metal-neutralization strategies. Low-molecular, multifunction proteins: metallothioneins (MTs), often postulated as biomarkers of metal exposure, are known to bind metals and thus protect organisms against their toxic effects. Yet the proteins are still not well recognized in spiders. The aim of this study was to assess, by immunodetection method, ELISA, the concentration of metallothioneins in adult females of three web building spider species: Araneus diadematus (Araneidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae) from three variously polluted areas in southern Poland: Olkusz, ore-bearing post industrial site; Katowice[long dash]WeLnowiec: post metallurgic waste heap, Pilica: the reference, rural, area. The concentration of metallothioneins has been analyzed in relation to the metal concentration in spiders body. The study gives the evidence that metallothioneins are reliably detectable by means of ELISA technique. The analysis of results obtained shows a strong species-dependence of the MTs level. Positive correlations between MTs concentration and metal body burden (mainly Zn and Pb) were found. This suggests that the proteins play an important role in the neutralization and regulation of metal ions in spiders. The same correlation indicate the possibility to consider MTs in spiders as biomarkers of metal exposure and effects. However, the species specificity as well as metal characteristics should be taken under account. VL - 74 SN - 0147-6513 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR14802016758 N1 - ZOOR14802016758 ER - TY - JOUR T1 - Synaptic ion channel toxins from spider venoms JF - International Congress Series Y1 - 1988 A1 - Adams, M. E. SP - 49 EP - 59 KW - Agelenidae KW - Agelenidae (Araneae). KW - Araneidae (Araneae). KW - Araneidae [Toxins and venoms / / Venom synaptic ion channel KW - Biochemistry KW - toxins isolation & characterization]. VL - 832 SN - 0531-5131 UR - ://ZOOREC:ZOOR12700025458 N1 - ZOOR12700025458 ER -