@article {506,
	title = {Apoptosis and biochemical biomarkers of stress in spiders from industrially polluted areas exposed to high temperature and dimethoate},
	journal = {Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology \& Pharmacology},
	volume = {141},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ZOOR14201000233},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {194-206},
	abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the relations between apoptosis and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; catalase) and quantitative changes in stress protein positive cells (Hsp70; metallothionein) in midgut glands of funnel web spiders Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and wolf spiders Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) exposed to high temperature and pesticide under laboratory conditions. The spiders were collected from two meadow ecosystems differently polluted with metals (Olkusz and Pilica, southern Poland). Under stress conditions, P. lugubris had fewer apoptotic cells in the midgut glands than A. labyrinthica. In P. lugubris from both sites, the observed increase in the percentage of metallothionein and Hsp70-positive cells, simultaneous with intensification of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, suggests an anti-apoptotic function of those proteins in representatives of wandering spiders. In the midgut glands of A. labyrinthica, heat shock and dimethoate increased the number of Annexin V-positive cells as well as the amounts of mitochondria with low transmembrane potential ([DELTA][PSI]m) versus the control. The changes in the percentage of MT and Hsp70-positive cells in funnel web spiders were less than in wolf spiders. The absence of change in SOD and CAT activity in A. labyrinthica shows that the participation of those enzymes in antioxidant reactions is minimal in this species. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {[Temperature / High temperature / ] [Poland / Olkusz \& Pilica /, Abiotic factors, Agelena labyrinthica, Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae)., Apoptosis / Midgut gland, Apoptosis \& biochemical biomarkers of stress, Biochemistry, biomarkers, Chemical factors, Chemical pollution, Digestive system, enzyme activity / ] [Digestive gland / / Apoptosis \& chemical stress, Eurasia, Europe, gland apoptosis \& biochemical stress marker responses to temperature \&, individuals from metal polluted sites] [Enzymes / Antioxidant, individuals from polluted sites] [Metal pollution / / Midgut, Land zones, Life cycle and development, metallothionein / Stress biomarkers, Midgut gland apoptosis \& biochemical stress marker responses], Palaearctic region, Pardosa lugubris (Araneae)., Pardosa lugubris [Proteins / Heat shock proteins \&, pesticide, pesticide exposure]., pesticide relationship] [Fertilizers and pesticides / Dimethoate /, Physical factors, Pollution, Proteins, responses to high temperature \&, responses to temperature \&, stress biomarker response to temperature \&, temperature \& pesticide pollution exposure] [Development /},
	isbn = {1532-0456},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14201000233},
	author = {Wilczek, Grazyna}
}
@article {507,
	title = {Relations between metals (Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu) and glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes in spiders from a heavy metal pollution gradient},
	journal = {Environmental Pollution},
	volume = {132},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ZOOR14101004601},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {453-461},
	abstract = {We studied the relations between glutathione-dependent detoxifying enzymes and heavy metal burdens in the web-building spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae) and the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris (Lycosidae) from five meadow sites along a heavy metal pollution gradient. We assayed the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidases (GPOX, GSTPx), and glutathione (GSH) levels in both sexes. Except for GSH vs Pb content, we found significant correlations between GPOX and GSTPx activity and metal concentrations in females of A. labyrinthica. The highest activity of these enzymes measured in the web-building spiders was found in the individuals from the most polluted sites. In P. lugubris males significant correlations were found between GST and Pb and Zn concentrations, and between GPOX and GSTPx and the concentration of Cu. GST activity was higher in males collected from less polluted areas. Thus, detoxifying strategies against pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. Actively hunting spiders had higher metal concentrations, maintaining lower activity of detoxifying enzymes and a lower glutathione level. [copyright] 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {/ Relations with glutathione dependent detoxifying enzymes] [Enzymes /, Abiotic factors, Agelena labyrinthica, Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae)., Biochemistry, burden] [Grassland / Meadow / Heavy metal burden \& glutathione dependent, Chemical factors, Chemical pollution, detoxifying enzymes] [Metal pollution / / ] [Metals / / ] [Poland /, Eurasia, Europe, Glutathione dependent detoxifying enzymes / Relations with heavy metal, Habitat, Land zones, Olkusz / meadow habitat]., Palaearctic region, Pardosa lugubris (Araneae)., Pardosa lugubris [Pollutants / Heavy metal burdens, Pollution, Proteins, Terrestrial habitat},
	isbn = {0269-7491},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14101004601},
	author = {Wilczek, Grazyna and Babczynska, Agnieszka and Augustyniak, Maria and Migula, Pawel}
}
@article {509,
	title = {Cellular stress reactions assessed by gender and species in spiders from areas variously polluted with heavy metals},
	journal = {Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety},
	volume = {70},
	year = {2008},
	note = {ZOOR14410058564},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {127-137},
	abstract = {In the funnel web spider Agelena labyrinthica (Agelenidae; A. l.), sheet web spider Linyphia triangularis (Linyphiidae; L. t.) and wolf spider Xerolycosa nemoralis (Lycosidae; X. n.) from two differently polluted meadow sites in southern Poland, we studied the relations between antioxidant parameters (glutathione, GSH; glutathione peroxidases, GPOX, GSTPx; catalase, CAT; stress proteins-Hsp70, metallothioneins Mts), the intensity of apoptosis and necrosis, and heavy metal burdens of the midgut gland. Cellular reactions against stress caused by pollutants seemed to be sex-dependent. The concentrations of Zn and Cu in the midgut glands of male A. l. and X. n. were more than double that of the females, from both study sites. In male spiders from the heavily polluted site, both negative correlations (activity of caspase-3-like proteins vs Cu, Zn concentration; number of depolarized mitochondria vs Cu concentration) and positive correlations (number of necrotic cells vs Cu concentrations; activity of CAT vs Zn) were noted. The defense of males against high metal content and its prooxidative effects is based mainly on GSH and CAT. In females the antioxidative reactions are species-specific and depend mainly on high peroxidase activity and on stress protein level. The increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the midgut gland of female spiders from the heavily polluted site suggests the defensive role of this process in maintaining the proper functioning of this organ. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {[Cytology / Apoptosis \& necrosis / ] [Pollutants / Midgut gland heavy, [Digestive system / / ] [Sex differences / / ] [Grassland / Meadows /, ] [Metal pollution / Heavy metal pollution / ] [Metals / / ] [Poland /, Abiotic, Agelena labyrinthica, Agelena labyrinthica (Araneae)., Biochemistry, Chemical factors, Chemical pollution, Cytology, Digestive system, Eurasia, Europe, factors, Habitat, Land zones, Linyphia triangularis, Linyphia triangularis (Araneae)., metal content / ] [Proteins / Antioxidant parameters / ] [Enzymes / / ], Olkusz \& Pilica / ]., Palaearctic region, Pollution, Proteins, Reproduction, Terrestrial habitat, Xerolycosa nemoralis, Xerolycosa nemoralis (Araneae).},
	isbn = {0147-6513},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14410058564},
	author = {Wilczek, Grazyna and Babczynska, Agnieszka and Wilczek, Piotr and Dolezych, Bogdan and Migula, Pawel and Mlynska, Hanna}
}
@article {303,
	title = {The distribution of monoamine oxidase and biogenic monoamines in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida)},
	journal = {Journal of Morphology},
	volume = {164},
	year = {1980},
	note = {ZOOR11700016270},
	month = {1980},
	pages = {69-81},
	abstract = {The distribution and activity patterns of monoamine oxidase and monoaminergic (formaldehyde-induced) fluorescence in the CNS of web-building and hunting spiders [web builders: Agelenidae (funnel-web spiders), Tegenaria derhami (Scopoli); Araneidae (orb-web spiders), Araneus sclopetarius (Clerck), A. marmoreus (Clerck) and Zygiella x-notata (Clerck); hunters: Lycosidae (wolf-spiders), Pardosa lugubris (Walkenaer), P. amentata (Clerck) and Trochosa spinipalpis (Cambridge); Salticidae (jumping spiders), Epiblemum scenicum (Clerck), (= Salticus scenicus Linne), Sitticus floricola (C.L. Koch) and Marpissa muscosa (Clerck) (= M. rumpfi (Scopoli)] were studied using histochemical methods. Enzyme activity occurred in the neuronal perikarya and in varying intensity in the structures of the neuropile mass, but only when dopamine, adrenaline [epinephrine] and noradrenaline [norepinephrine] were used as substrates. The optic centers of the spider brain normally exhibited relatively strong enzyme reactions when compared with the staining intensity of the rest of the nervous system. The neuronal cell bodies contained numerous granules of yellow-green fluorescence. Monoaminergic fluorescence of the neuropile was generally a weak green. The optic masses of the hunting spiders, the anterior bridge, several commissures of the ventral cord and the neural lamellae showed a slightly higher fluorescence intensity and single fluorescing granules. The presence of catecholamines in the spider nervous system is indicated.},
	keywords = {Araneae (Arachnida)., Araneae [Enzymes / / Monoamine oxidase distribution in CNS] [Protein, Biochemistry, Chemical composition, content / / Monoamine distribution in CNS] [Brain / / ]., Nervous system, Proteins},
	isbn = {0362-2525},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR11700016270},
	author = {Meyer, W. and Jehnen, R.}
}
@article {301,
	title = {Phosphatases in the central nervous system of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae)},
	journal = {Histochemistry},
	volume = {59},
	year = {1979},
	note = {ZOOR11600016844},
	month = {1979},
	pages = {177-187},
	abstract = {The CNS of web-building spiders (Araneidae, Agelenidae) and hunting spiders (Lycosidae, Salticidae) were tested for nonspecific and specific phosphatases. Acid phosphatase exhibited weakly to moderately positive reactions in the neuronal cell bodies and in the neuropile fiber mass of all species investigated. Alkaline phosphatase could only be demonstrated in the external and internal neural lamellae of the brain and ventral cord of several specimens of the araneid species investigated. Tests for thiamine pyrophosphatase were negative with both the Pb and Ca-Co methods. Distinctive positive reactions for ATPase were visible in the nervous system of all the species used, being especially strong in the optic ganglia of the hunting spiders. The demonstration of ATPase was only possible when applying the Ca-Co method after Padykula and Herman, while the Pb method after Wachstein and Meisel did not produce any staining reaction at all. Controls of the histochemical reaction showed that the enzyme was activated by Ca2+ and inhibited by sulfhydryl destroying reagents (e.g., PCMB [p-chloromercuribenzoate]), but was insensitive to ouabain. It could be probably classified as a mitochondrial proton-translocating ATPase.},
	keywords = {[Enzymes / / Phosphatase distribution, / / ]., Araneae (Arachnida)., Araneae [Enzymes / / Phosphatase distribution] [Central nervous system, Araneus sclopetarius, Araneus sclopetarius (Araneae)., atrica, Biochemistry, central nervous system]., Marpissa muscosa, Marpissa muscosa (Araneae)., Nervous system, Pardosa amentata, Pardosa amentata (Araneae)., Proteins, Tegenaria, Tegenaria atrica (Araneae)., Tegenaria derhami, Tegenaria derhami (Araneae)., Trochosa spinipalpis, Trochosa spinipalpis (Araneae)., Zygiella x-notata, Zygiella x-notata (Araneae).},
	isbn = {0301-5564},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR11600016844},
	author = {Meyer, W.}
}
@article {26,
	title = {Molecular evidence for Pleistocene glacial cycles driving diversification of a North American desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta},
	journal = {Molecular Ecology},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2004},
	note = {ZOOR14101006872},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {3453-3465},
	abstract = {The influence of historical climatic vs. geological changes on species diversification patterns was investigated in a widely distributed North American desert spider, Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae: Agelenidae), with particular reference to Pleistocene glacial cycles and earlier patterns of mountain building. Levels of sequence divergence obtained from the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome oxidase I, dated to the Pleistocene, eliminating Rocky Mountain orogeny as a cause of diversification, as orogeny ended 4 million years ago. The results of phylogenetic and network analyses showed the presence of three geographically defined clades, which were consistent with the presence of at least three glacial refugia: (i) east of the Rocky Mountains; (ii) between the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevadas; and (iii) west of the Sierra Nevadas. In addition, populations within the Rocky Mountains exhibited significantly lower genetic diversity than populations east of the Rocky Mountains and the haplotypes found within the Rockies were a subset of eastern haplotypes. These patterns suggest that a post-Pleistocene range expansion occurred out of an eastern glacial refugium into the Rocky Mountains. Examination of phylogeographical studies of other North American desert taxa indicated that mountain building explained diversification patterns more effectively for some taxa but Pleistocene climate change was more important for others, including A. aperta.},
	keywords = {Abiotic factors, Agelenopsis aperta (Araneae): [Fossil]., Agelenopsis aperta [Enzymes / Cytochrome oxidase I mtDNA gene sequence /, Biochemistry, Caenozoic, Diversification patterns, diversification patterns] [North America / / ] [Pleistocene / / ]., Evolution, Genetics, Geological time periods, influence of climatic vs geological, influences] [Molecular genetics / / ] [Population genetics / /, Land zones, molecular evidence] [Biochemical variation / / Cytochrome oxidase I, mtDNA sequences] [Climate and weather / / Influence on diversification, Nearctic region, patterns] [Geophysical events / / Geological influences on, Physical factors, Proteins, Quaternary, Variation},
	isbn = {0962-1083},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14101006872},
	author = {Ayoub, Nadia A. and Riechert, Susan E.}
}
@article {27,
	title = {Speciation history of the North American funnel web spiders, Agelenopsis (Araneae: Agelenidae): phylogenetic inferences at the population-species interface},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2005},
	note = {ZOOR14110057613},
	month = {2005},
	pages = {42-57},
	abstract = {Intra- and interspecific relationships of 12 out of 13 described species as well as a potential new species in the spider genus Agelenopsis (Araneae: Agelenidae) were analyzed using sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA. Approximately half of the species examined formed well-supported monophyletic groups, whereas the rest of the species were part of well-supported monophyletic species groups. Rather than viewing cases where species were not identified as being monophyletic as poor taxonomy, these cases more likely represent recent speciation and offer insights into the process of speciation. The clade with the lowest levels of interspecific sequence divergence was found in eastern North America, whereas western species displayed much higher levels of interspecific divergence. These patterns appear to extend below the species level as well, with southwestern species exhibiting the highest levels of intraspecific sequence divergence and geographic structuring. The relationship between Agelenopsis and Barronopsis, a genus once considered a sub-genus of Agelenopsis, was also examined. The two genera are reciprocally monophyletic but more generic level sampling is needed to confirm an apparent sister relationship between the two. [copyright] 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {[Biochemical variation / / ] [North America / / Molecular phylogeny \&, Agelenopsis (Araneae)., Agelenopsis [Nucleic acids / mtDNA \& 16S rRNA sequences / Phylogenetic, Biochemistry, cytochrome, Evolution, Genetics, Land zones, Nearctic region, oxidase \& rRNA sequences] [Speciation / Speciation history / ], Proteins, relationships, sequences / ] [Molecular genetics / mtDNA, cytochrome oxidase \& rRNA, sequences / ] [Phylogeny / Molecular phylogeny / mtDNA, speciation implications] [Enzymes / Cytochrome oxidase I, speciation]., Systematics, Variation},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR14110057613},
	author = {Ayoub, Nadia A. and Riechert, Susan E. and Small, Randall L.}
}
